Definition
Translation is the process in biological cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. The generated protein is a sequence of amino acids determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA. The nucleotides are considered three at a time. Each such triple results in the addition of one specific amino acid to the protein being generated. The matching from nucleotide triple to amino acid is called the genetic code. The translation is performed by a large complex of functional RNA and proteins called ribosomes. The entire process is called gene expression.
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3' end40S ribosomal protein S1040S ribosomal protein S1140S ribosomal protein S1240S ribosomal protein S1340S ribosomal protein S1440S ribosomal protein S1540S ribosomal protein S15a40S ribosomal protein S1640S ribosomal protein S1740S ribosomal protein S1840S ribosomal protein S1940S ribosomal protein S240S ribosomal protein S2040S ribosomal protein S2140S ribosomal protein S2340S ribosomal protein S2440S ribosomal protein S2540S ribosomal protein S2640S ribosomal protein S2740S ribosomal protein S27a40S ribosomal protein S2840S ribosomal protein S2940S ribosomal protein S340S ribosomal protein S3040S ribosomal protein S3a40S ribosomal protein S4, X isoform40S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 140S ribosomal protein S4, Y isoform 240S ribosomal protein S540S ribosomal protein S740S ribosomal protein S840S ribosomal protein S943S preinitiation complex5' UTR5' cap60S60S acidic ribosomal protein P060S acidic ribosomal protein P160S acidic ribosomal protein P260S ribosomal protein L1060S ribosomal protein L10-like60S ribosomal protein L10a60S ribosomal protein L1160S ribosomal protein L1260S ribosomal protein L1360S ribosomal protein L13a60S ribosomal protein L1460S ribosomal protein L1560S ribosomal protein L1760S ribosomal protein L1860S ribosomal protein L18a60S ribosomal protein L1960S ribosomal protein L2160S ribosomal protein L2260S ribosomal protein L2360S ribosomal protein L23a60S ribosomal protein L2460S ribosomal protein L2660S ribosomal protein L2760S ribosomal protein L27a60S ribosomal protein L2860S ribosomal protein L2960S ribosomal protein L360S ribosomal protein L3060S ribosomal protein L3160S ribosomal protein L3260S ribosomal protein L3460S ribosomal protein L3560S ribosomal protein L35a60S ribosomal protein L3660S ribosomal protein L36a60S ribosomal protein L3760S ribosomal protein L37a60S ribosomal protein L3860S ribosomal protein L3960S ribosomal protein L460S ribosomal protein L4160S ribosomal protein L560S ribosomal protein L660S ribosomal protein L760S ribosomal protein L7a60S ribosomal protein L860S ribosomal protein L980SA-siteAMPKAbiogenesisActivation energyAdaptationAerobiologyAgricultural scienceAgronomyAgrostologyAlternative flatworm mitochondrial codeAlternative splicingAlternative yeast nuclear codeAmino acidAmino acidsAminoacyl-tRNAAminoacyl tRNA synthetaseAnatomyAnimalAnimalsAnisomycinAnthropologyAntibioticAnticodonApicoplastApoptosisArchaeaArchaeal initiation factor-1Archaeal initiation factor-3Archaeal initiation factor-5Archaeal initiation factor-6Archaeal initiation factorsArchaeal transcriptionArchaeal translationArtificial cellAscidian mitochondrial codeAstrobiologyAsymmetric simple exclusion processAvsunviroidaeBacteriaBacterial, archaeal and plant plastid codeBacterial initiation factorBacterial transcriptionBacterial translationBacteriologyBacteriomeBase pairBiochemistryBiogeographyBiogeologyBioinformaticsBiological dark matterBiological engineeringBiologistBiologyBiomechanicsBiomedical 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virusEEF-1EEF1A2EEF1A3EEF1B2EEF1B2P1EEF1B2P2EEF1B2P3EEF1DEEF1E1EEF1GEEF2EF-4EF-GEF-TsEF-TuEIF-2 kinaseEIF1EIF1AXEIF1AYEIF1BEIF2EIF2AEIF2BEIF2B1EIF2B2EIF2B3EIF2B4EIF2B5EIF2S1EIF2S2EIF2S3EIF3EIF3AEIF3BEIF3CEIF3DEIF3EIPEIF3FEIF3GEIF3HEIF3IEIF3JEIF3KEIF3MEIF3S6EIF4EIF4AEIF4A1EIF4A2EIF4A3EIF4BEIF4EEIF4E2EIF4E3EIF4EBP1EIF4FEIF4GEIF4G2EIF4G3EIF4HEIF5EIF5AEIF5A2EIF5BEIF6ERF1ERF3Earliest known life formsEchinoderm and flatworm mitochondrial codeEcological geneticsEcologyEcosystemElongation factorElongation factor PElongation factorsEmbryologyEndogenous retrovirusEndogenous viral elementEndoplasmic reticulumEndosymbiontEnzymeEpidemiologyEpigeneticsErythromycinEster bondEukaryoteEukaryotesEukaryotic initiation factorEukaryotic initiation factor 3Eukaryotic initiation factor 4FEukaryotic large ribosomal subunit (60S)Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S)Eukaryotic transcriptionEukaryotic translationEukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gammaEuplotid nuclear codeEvolutionEvolutionary biologyExpanded genetic codeExtrachromosomal DNAFertility factor (bacteria)Five-prime capFive prime endFosmidFrançois JacobFreshwater biologyFungal prionFungiFungusGFM1GFM2GSPT1GSPT2GenBankGeneGene duplicationGene expressionGene regulationGene regulatory networkGenerative biologyGenetic codeGeneticsGenomeGenomic imprintingGenomic islandGenomicsGeobiologyGerontologyGerontoplastGiant virusGlossary of biologyGroup II intronGroup I catalytic intronHeLaHealth technologyHelicaseHelper dependent virusHelper virusHerpetologyHistologyHistone acetylation and deacetylationHistory of biologyHomeostasisHorizontal gene transferHost (biology)Human biologyHuman evolutionHydrogenosomeHydrophilicHydrophobicIchthyologyImmunologyIncertae sedisIndex of biology articlesIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenaseInfectionsInitiation factorInitiation factorsInterferon gammaInternal ribosome entry siteInterspersed repeatIntroduction to geneticsInvertebrate mitochondrial codeIsoformJacques MonodJeewanuKappa organismKaryorelict nuclear codeKingdom (biology)Kozak consensus sequenceLGTNLac operonLast universal common ancestorLeucineLeucoplastLifeLinear chromosomeLipidologyList of biologistsList of biology awardsList of biology journalsList of genetic codesList of research methods in biologyList of unsolved problems in biologyMRPS1MRPS10MRPS11MRPS12MRPS13MRPS14MRPS15MRPS16MRPS17MRPS18MRPS19MRPS2MRPS20MRPS21MRPS22MRPS23MRPS24MRPS25MRPS26MRPS27MRPS28MRPS29MRPS3MRPS30MRPS31MRPS32MRPS33MRPS34MRPS35MRPS4MRPS5MRPS6MRPS7MRPS8MRPS9MTIF1MTIF2MTIF3MammalogyMarine biologyMathematical and theoretical biologyMathematical modelMesodinium nuclear codeMessenger RNAMetabolismMethionineMicroRNAMicrobiologyMitochondriaMitochondrial ribosomal protein L1Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L10Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L11Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L12Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L13Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L14Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L15Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L16Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L17Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L18Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L19Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L2Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L20Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L21Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L22Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L23Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L24Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L25Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L26Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L27Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L28Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L29Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L3Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L30Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L31Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L32Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L33Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L34Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L35Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L36Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L37Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L38Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L39Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L4Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L40Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L41Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L42Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L5Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L6Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L7Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L8Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L9Mitochondrial ribosomeMitochondrionMitosomeMobile genetic elementsMobilomeModel lipid bilayerMolecular biologyMycologyNanobacteriumNanobeNational Center for Biotechnology InformationNeontologyNeuroscienceNeutron spin echoNitroplastNon-cellular lifeNon-coding DNANucleic acidNucleobaseNucleotideNucleotidesNutritional scienceOrganismOrigin of replicationOrnithologyOsteologyOutline of biologyP-bodiesP-sitePI3K/AKT/mTOR pathwayPachysolen tannophilus nuclear codePaleontologyParadigmParakaryonParasitologyPathologyPeritrich nuclear codePetri netPhagemidPharmacologyPharming (genetics)PhenylalaninePhosphorylationPhotobiologyPhycologyPhylogenetic treePhylogeneticsPhysiologyPlantPlantsPlasmidPlastidPoly(A)-binding proteinPoly-A tailPolyadenylationPolypeptidePomologyPospiviroidaePost-transcriptional modificationPost-transcriptional regulationPost-translational modificationPost-translational regulationPrimary structurePrimary transcriptPrimatologyPrionProbabilistic logic networkProbable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24ProkaryoteProkaryotic initiation factor-1Prokaryotic initiation factor-2Prokaryotic ribosomePromoter (genetics)ProphageProteinProtein biosynthesisProtein domainProtein domain dynamicsProtein foldingProtein methodsProtein structure predictionProtein targetingProteinoidProteolysisProteomicsProtistProtistologyProtistsProtocellProvirusPterobranchia mitochondrial codePuromycinQuantum biologyR-factorRACK1RAS/MAPK pathwayRNARNA-dependent RNA polymeraseRNA polymeraseRNA splicingRNA virusRNA worldRRP15Reading frameReading framesRegulation of gene expressionRelational biologyRelease factorRepeated sequence (DNA)Replicon (genetics)ReproductionReproductive biologyRetrotransposonRetrovirusRetrozymeReverse transcriptionRibosomal RNARibosomal pauseRibosomal proteinRibosomal protein S6Ribosomal protein SARibosomeRibosome-nascent chain complexRibozymeRough endoplasmic reticulumSUI1Satellite (biology)Scenedesmus obliquus mitochondrial codeSecondary chromosomeSecondary structureSecretionSelenocysteineSelf-replicationShine-Dalgarno sequenceSociobiologySpatial biologyStart codonStimulus (physiology)Stop codonStreptomycinStructural biologyStructural formulaStructureSubviral agentsSulphobesSynthetic biologySynthetic virologySystematicsSystems biologyTSFMT cellTandem repeatTaxonomy (biology)TeratologyTertiary structureTetracyclineThe mold, protozoan, and coelenterate mitochondrial code and the mycoplasma/spiroplasma codeThraustochytrium mitochondrial codeThree prime endTi plasmidTimeline of biology and organic chemistryToeprinting assayToxicologyTranscription (biology)Transcription factorTranscriptional regulationTransfer RNATranslation initiation factor IF-3Translational regulationTranslocaseTransposable elementTranspovironTrematode mitochondrial codeTrophosomeTropical semiringTryptophanUbiquitin A-52 residue ribosomal protein fusion product 1Uncharged tRNAVertebrate mitochondrial codeVesicle (biology and chemistry)Viral vectorViroidVirologyViromeVirophageVirophysicsVirulence factorVirusVirusoidW. H. Freeman and CompanyWelfare biologyWnt signaling pathwayXenobiologyYeastYeast mitochondrial codeZoology
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