Protein

Definition

Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, responding to stimuli, providing structure to cells and organisms, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific 3D structure that determines its activity.

Related concepts

ATP synthase Acetone–butanol–ethanol fermentation Actin Active site Adaptive immune system Adenine Adenosine triphosphate Adenylate kinase Aerobic respiration Alanine Albumin Alpha carbon Alpha helix Alternative splicing Amino Amino acid Amino acid synthesis Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase Anabolism Anaerobic respiration Angiogenin Anoxygenic photosynthesis Antibodies Antibody Anticodon Antigen Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy Archaea Archaeal transcription Archaeal translation Armour and Company Assay Atom Atomic force microscopy B cell Bacteria Bacterial display Bacterial transcription Bacterial translation Base pair Beta oxidation Beta sheet Biliprotein Binding site Biochemistry Biodiversity Heritage Library Bioenergetics Bioinformatics Bioinorganic chemistry Biological membrane Biological tissue Biomolecule Bladder Blood vessel Bone Bovine serum albumin Bradford protein assay C-terminus CHARMM CHON Carbohydrate Carbohydrate catabolism Carbohydrate metabolism Carbon dioxide Carbon fixation Carboxyl Carl von Voit Cartesian coordinates Cartilage Catabolism Catalysis Cell (biology)Cell adhesion Cell biology Cell cycle Cell membrane Cell nucleus Cell signaling Cellular compartment Central dogma of molecular biology Chaperone (protein)Chaperonin Chemical bond Chemical conformation Chemical ligation Chemical polarity Chemosynthesis Chimera (protein)Chirality (chemistry)Chlororespiration Cholera Christian Anfinsen Chromatin immunoprecipitation Chromatography Chromoprotein Chymotrypsin Circular dichroism Cis-regulatory element Citric acid cycle Codon Cofactor (biochemistry)Collagen Colloid Columbia University Conformational change Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Connective tissue Coplanar Crude lysate Cryo-electron microscopy Cryoelectron microscopy Cryogenic electron microscopy Crystallize Cyclol Cytolysis Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Cytosol DNA DNA-binding protein DNA repair DNA replication DNA sequencing Dalton (unit)DeLey-Doudoroff pathway Dehydration Dehydron Denaturation (biochemistry)Deproteination Diet (nutrition)Diffraction-limited system Diffusion Digestion Dihedral angle Dirigent protein Dissociation constant Distance geometry Distributed computing Disulfide bond Docking (molecular)Double-bond Drug design Dual-polarization interferometry Dual polarisation interferometry Dynein Edestin Eicosanoid metabolism Elastin Electrofocusing Electron crystallography Electron microscope Electron microscopy Electron transport chain Electrophoresis Elemental analysis Empirical formula Ena/Vasp homology proteins Endoplasmic reticulum Entner-Doudoroff pathway Enzyme Enzyme Commission number Enzyme assay Enzyme catalysis Enzyme kinetics Epigenetics Escherichia coli Essential amino acid Essential fatty acid Ethanol fermentation Ethanol metabolism Eukaryote Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource Eukaryotic transcription Eukaryotic translation Exoskeleton Experiment Fatty acid degradation Fatty acid metabolism Fatty acid synthesis Feather Fermentation Fibrin Fibrous protein Five-prime cap Flavoring Fluorescent Folding@home Food additive Food chemistry Food coloring Food fortification Franz Hofmeister François Jacob Frederick Sanger Free energy (thermodynamics)Fructolysis Fusion protein GROMOS Galactolysis Gel electrophoresis Gel electrophoresis of proteins Gelatin Gene Gene Ontology Gene expression Gene ontology Gene regulatory network Genetic code Genetic engineering Genomic imprinting Genomics Gerardus Johannes Mulder Gliadin Globular protein Globular proteins Globulin Gluconeogenesis Glucose Glutamic acid Glutamine synthetase Gluten Glycan-protein interactions Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis Glycolysis Glycosylation Graphics processing unit Greek language Green fluorescent protein Guanine HIV HOPES Haemoglobin Hair Half-life Heme Heme group Hemoglobin Hermann Emil Fischer Hexokinase Hierarchical equations of motion His-tag Histidine Histone acetylation and deacetylation History of molecular biology Homology modeling Hoof Hormone Human Human iron metabolism Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen bond Hydrogen bonding Hydrolysis Hydrophobic Hydrophobic core Immunoelectron microscopy Immunoglobulin G Immunohistochemistry Immunoprecipitation Immunostaining In-gel digestion In silico In vitro In vivo Index of protein-related articles Indirect immunofluorescence Insulin Intein Interactome Intracellular transport Intrinsically disordered proteins Introduction to genetics Ion channel Isoelectric point Isoleucine Isopycnic centrifugation Isothermal titration calorimetry Jacques Monod James B. Sumner John Kendrew Jöns Jacob Berzelius Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang Karl Heinrich Ritthausen Keratin Ketosis Kinase Kinesin Kingdom (biology)Kjeldahl method Lac operon Lactic acid fermentation Lafayette Mendel Lectins Legumin Leloir pathway Leucine Liebig's law of the minimum Ligand Linus Pauling Lipid Lipid metabolism Lipocalin Lipogenesis Lipolysis List of protein structure prediction software List of proteins List of standard amino acids List of synthetic polymers Lung Lymphoblastoid MRNA display Macromolecular Assembly Macromolecular docking Macromolecule Mass spectrometry Mathematical model Max Perutz Mechanical properties of biomaterials Mechanical testing Membrane protein Messenger RNA Metabolic network Metabolic pathway Metabolism Methionine MicroRNA Microscale thermophoresis Microscopy Mineral (nutrient)Molecular dynamics Molecular evolution Molecular mass Molecular mechanics Molecular modeling on GPU Molecular recognition Monte Carlo method Motility Motor protein Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree Multi-domain protein Muscle Mycoplasma Myoglobin Myosin N-linked glycosylation N-terminus Nail (anatomy)Native conformation Nickel Nuclear magnetic resonance Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins Nuclear membrane Nucleic acid Nucleic acid metabolism Nucleic acid sequence Nucleoid Nucleotide Nucleotide salvage O-linked glycosylation Oligomer Onconase Optical microscope Organelle Organic synthesis Organism Orotate decarboxylase Oxidative folding Oxidative phosphorylation Oxygen P-bodies Pentose phosphate pathway Pepsin Peptide Peptide bond Peptide mass fingerprinting Peptide sequence Peptide synthesis Phage display Phosphagen Phosphorylation Photoactivated localization microscopy Photoreceptor protein Photosynthesis Phycobiliprotein Phytochrome Plasma cell Polyadenylation Polyamide Polymer Polyol pathway Polypeptide Polysaccharide Post-transcriptional modification Post-transcriptional regulation Post-translational modification Post-translational regulation Posttranslational modification Potassium Precipitation (chemistry)Primary nutritional groups Primary structure Primary transcript Prion Prokaryote Proline Promoter (genetics)Prosthetic group Protease Proteasome Protein (disambiguation)Protein (nutrient)Protein Data Bank Protein NMR Protein biosynthesis Protein catabolism Protein complex Protein conformation Protein degradation Protein design Protein domain Protein engineering Protein family Protein folding Protein function prediction Protein mass spectrometry Protein metabolism Protein methods Protein microarray Protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Protein primary structure Protein purification Protein quinary structure Protein sequencing Protein structure Protein structure prediction Protein subunit Protein superfamily Protein targeting Protein toxicity Protein translocation Protein turnover Proteinogenic amino acid Protein–DNA interaction Protein–carbohydrate interaction Protein–lipid interaction Protein–protein interaction Protein–protein interaction prediction Proteolysis Proteome Proteomics Proteopathy Proteopedia Purine metabolism Purine nucleotide cycle Pyrimidine metabolism Pyrrolysine Pyruvate dehydrogenase Quantum dynamics Quantum mechanics Quaternary structure RNA RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RNA polymerase RNA splicing Radiosynthesis (metabolism)Reaction mechanism Receptor (biochemistry)Regulation of gene expression Reporter gene Residue (biochemistry)Resonance (chemistry)Reverse cholesterol transport Reverse transcription Rheology Rhodopsin Ribbon diagram Ribonuclease A Ribonuclease inhibitor Ribosome Ribosome-nascent chain complex Ribosome display Roger Kornberg RuBisCO SH3 domain Saccharomyces cerevisiae Salt bridge (protein)Salting out Sarcomere Scleroprotein Secondary structure Secrete Secretion assay Selenocysteine Semipermeable membrane Sequence alignment Sequence space (evolution)Sexual reproduction Side chain Signal transduction Site-directed mutagenesis Small molecule Sodium Soluble Spectroscopy Spermatozoon Sphingolipid metabolism Spirochaete Staphylococcus aureus Stereochemistry Steroid Stiffness Structural alignment Structural domain Structural genomics Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate (biochemistry)Super-resolution microscopy Surface plasmon resonance Synchrotrons Tertiary structure Thermodynamic hypothesis Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)Threonine Titin Total Kjeldahl nitrogen Transcription (biology)Transcription (genetics)Transcription factor Transcriptional regulation Transfer RNA Translation (biology)Translation (genetics)Translational regulation Transmembrane protein Triose phosphate isomerase Trypsin Tubulin Turn (biochemistry)Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis Two-hybrid screening Ultracentrifugation Uracil Urea cycle Urease Valine Vertebrate Vertico spatially modulated illumination Villin Virus Viscoelasticity Vitamin W. H. Freeman and Company WH1 domain Walter Kauzmann Water Western blot William Astbury William Cumming Rose X-ray crystallography Xylose metabolism Yeast Yeast display Young's modulus

112 concepts already in your glossary