Post-translational modification

Definition

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are the covalent processes of changing proteins following their synthesis, and release from ribosomes. PTMs are reversible editing events used and carried out in the overall process of post-translational regulation – the control of the levels of active protein; an irreversible event is proteolysis. PTMs enable the protein's function to be diversified and extended beyond the dictates of transcription. As of 2023 there are more than 650 known types of PTM. PTMs are also prokaryotic processes.

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ADP-ribosylation AIF5A APPBP1 ATG12 ATG3 ATG7 ATG8 AWESOME Acetyl Acetylation Acylation Adenylyl Adenylylation Alanine Albumin Alkene Alkyl Alkylation Allysine Alpha crystallin Alternative splicing Amide Amides Amine Amino acid Anion Archaeal transcription Archaeal translation Arginine Arginylation Asparagine Aspartate Aspartic acid Ataxin 3 BIRC6 Bacterial transcription Bacterial translation Beta-Lysine Biliprotein Binding immunoglobulin protein Biomarker Biotinylation Butyrylation C-terminus CBL (gene)CDC34 CYLD (gene)C terminus Carbamylation Carbohydrate Carbonylation Carboxylate Carboxylation Cell membrane Central dogma of molecular biology Chaperone (protein)Chaperonin Charlotte W. Pratt Christodoulos Floudas Chromoprotein Cis-regulatory element Citrullination Citrulline Clusterin Coenzyme A Covalent Cullin Cysteic acid Cysteine DNA DNAJA1 DNAJA2 DNAJA3 DNAJB1 DNAJB11 DNAJB2 DNAJB4 DNAJB6 DNAJB9 DNAJC1 DNAJC10 DNAJC11 DNAJC13 DNAJC14 DNAJC19 DNAJC3 DNAJC5 DNAJC6 DNAJC7 DbPTM DcGO Deacetylation Deamidation Deamination Dehydration reaction Deltorphin Demethylation Dephosphorylation Dermorphin Desmosine Detyrosination Deubiquitinating enzyme Diphthamide Disulfide Disulfide bond Disulfide bridge Donald Voet EEF2 EIF5A Eastern blotting Edestin Elimination reaction Eliminylation Elongation factor P Endoplasmic reticulum Enzymes Epigenetics Esters Ethanolamine phosphoglycerol Ethyl group Eukaryotic Eukaryotic transcription Eukaryotic translation Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 FANCL FAT10 FUB1 Farnesol Farnesylation Five-prime cap Flavin adenine dinucleotide Flavin group Flavin mononucleotide Formylation François Jacob Functional group GPI anchor Gamma-carboxylation Gene expression Gene regulatory network Genetic code Genomic imprinting Geranylgeraniol Geranylgeranylation Globular protein Globulin Glutamate Glutamic acid Glutamine Glutarylation Glycan Glycation Glycine Glycophosphatidylinositol Glycoprotein Glycosyl Glycosylation Glypiation Golgi apparatus Gram-positive bacteria Green Fluorescent Protein GroEL GroES HSP60 HSP90AA2 HSP90AB1 HSP90B1 HSPA12A HSPA14 HSPA1A HSPA1B HSPA1L HSPA2 HSPA4 HSPA4L HSPA6 HSPA7 HSPA8 HSPA9 Heat shock protein Heat shock protein 47 Heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), member A1 Heme C Histidine Histidine ammonia-lyase Histidine kinase Histone Histone acetylation and deacetylation Hormone Hsp27 Hsp40 Hsp70 Hsp90 Human Protein Reference Database Hydroxyl Hydroxylation Hydroxylysine Hypusine ISG15 Imine Insulin Intein Introduction to genetics Iodination Isoaspartate Isocyanic acid Isoleucine Isopeptide bond Isoprenoid Isoprenylation Jacques Monod Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine Judith G. Voet Kaede (protein)Kynurenine Lac operon Lactylation Leucine Lipid Lipidation Lipoate Lipocalin Lipoylation List of proteins Lysine Lysine-cysteine bridge Lysine malonylation Lysine methylmalonylation Lysine tyrosylquinone MRNA Malonylation Mass spectrometry Mdm2 Membrane-anchored UBL Membrane protein Messenger RNA Methionine Methyl Methylation Methylene group Methylmalonylation MicroRNA Myristate Myristoylation N-linked glycosylation N-terminus NEDD8 N terminus Neddylation Neural cell adhesion molecule Nucleophile N–O acyl shift O-GlcNAc O-glycosylation O-linked glycosylation O-methylation Opioid peptide Oxidative stress P-bodies PIAS1 PIAS2 PIAS3 PIAS4 PROSITE Palmitate Palmitoylation Paucimannosylation Pegylation Peptide bond Persulfidation Phenylalanine Phosphate Phosphate ester Phosphopantetheinylation Phosphoramidate Phosphorylation Phosphoserine Phosphothreonine Photoreceptor protein Phycobiliprotein Phytochrome Polyadenylation Polyethylene glycol Polyglutamylation Polyglycylation Polypeptide chain Polysialic acid Porphyrin Post-transcriptional modification Post-transcriptional regulation Post-translational regulation Posttranslational modification Prenylation Primary transcript Prion Prohormone Prokaryotic Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein Proline Promoter (genetics)Propeptide Propionylation Proteasome Protein Protein-serine epimerase Protein Information Resource Protein acetylation Protein biosynthesis Protein domain Protein folding Protein hydroxylation Protein methods Protein methylation Protein primary structure Protein splicing Protein structure Protein targeting Proteinogenic amino acid Proteolysis Proteolytic cleavage Proteome ProteomeScout Pupylation PyMOL Pyroglutamate Pyroglutamic acid RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RNA polymerase RNA polymerase II RNA polymerase control by chromatin structure RNA splicing Racemization Regulation of gene expression Retinylidene Reverse transcription Ribosome Ribosome-nascent chain complex S-glutathionylation S-nitrosylation SAE1 SAE2 (yeast)SMN1 SMN2 SUMO protein SUMOylation Schiff base Scientific Reports Scleroprotein Serine Side chain Signal peptide Signal transduction Succinyl Succinylation Sulfation Sulfilimine bond Sulfone Sulfoxide Survival of motor neuron TRAP1 TRNA Target peptide The Journal of Biological Chemistry Thioesters Thioether Thiol Thiolate Threonine Thyroglobulin Topaquinone Transcription (biology)Transcription (genetics)Transcription factor Transcriptional regulation Transfer RNA Transglutaminase Transglutamination Translation (biology)Translational regulation Tryptophan Tryptophan tryptophylquinone Tubulin Tubulin polyglutamylase Tyrosine Tyrosine sulfation UBA2 UBC9 UBE1 UBE1C UBE1DC1 UBE1L UBE1L2 UBE2A UBE2B UBE2C UBE2D1 UBE2D2 UBE2D3 UBE2E1 UBE2E2 UBE2E3 UBE2G1 UBE2G2 UBE2H UBE2I UBE2J1 UBE2J2 UBE2K UBE2L1 UBE2L2 UBE2L3 UBE2L4 UBE2L6 UBE2M UBE2N UBE2O UBE2Q1 UBE2R2 UBE2S UBE2V1 UBE2V2 UBE2Z UBL5 UBR1 UCSF Chimera UFC1 (gene)UFM1 URM1 USP6 Ubiquitin Ubiquitin-activating enzyme Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Ubiquitin-like protein Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 Q2 Ubiquitin ligase Ubiquitination Ubiquitylation Uniprot Uridine monophosphate Valine Vitamin K Von Hippel–Lindau tumor suppressor Western blotting

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