Chloroplast

Definition

A chloroplast is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which capture the energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy and release oxygen. The chemical energy created is then used to make sugar and other organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process called the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one, in some unicellular algae, up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat.

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19′-butanoyloxy-fucoxanthin 19′-hexanoyloxy-fucoxanthin 3-Phosphoglyceric acid 3-phosphoglyceric acid ABC model of flower development ARC3 ARC6 ATP-dependent Clp protease adaptor protein ClpS ATP synthase Abiogenesis Abscisic acid Accessory pigments Acetyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA carboxylase Acidic Acrosome Adenosine diphosphate Adenosine triphosphate Aerobic organism Aestivation (botany)Agronomy Aleurone Algae Algal Algal bloom Alkaline Alpha carotene Alternation of generations Alveolata Alveolate Amino acid Amino acids Amino group Ammonia Amoeba Amoeboid Amylopectin Amyloplast Amyloplasts Analogy (biology)Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper Angiosperm Angiosperms Animal Anther Antheridium Apical dominance Apical meristem Apicomplexa Apicomplexans Apicoplast Aqueous Arabidopsis Arabidopsis thaliana Archaea Archaeobotany Archaeplastida Archegonium Archæplastida Artificial cell Artificial pollination Astrobotany Atp synthase Author citation (botany)Autophagosome Autotroph Autumn Avsunviroidae Axoneme Bacteria Bacterial ribosomes Bacteriome Bacteriophage T4 Basal body Base pair Berry (botany)Beta-carotene Beta carotene Biological containment Biological dark matter Biomolecular condensate Blue-green Bornetia secundiflora Botanical expeditions Botanical name Botanical nomenclature Botany Bract Branches of botany Brown algae Bryology Bryophyte Bud Bulb Bulk movement Bundle sheath Bundle sheath cells C-terminus C3 plant C4 carbon fixation C4 plant C4 plants CO2 Cacti Callophyllis laciniata Calvin cycle Cancer cell Capsule (fruit)Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism Carbon fixation Carbonic acid Carboxyl group Carboxysome Carotenoid Carpel Carrot Cataphyll Cell (biology)Cell culture Cell division Cell membrane Cell nucleus Cell wall Cellular respiration Cellulose Centriole Centrosome Ceratium furca Chemical energy Chlamydomonas Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Chlorarachnion reptans Chlorarachniophyta Chlorarachniophyte Chlorarachniophytes Chlorella Chlorenchyma Chlorophyll Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll c Chlorophyll c2 Chlorophyll d Chlorophyll f Chlorophylls Chlorophyta Chloroplast DNA Chloroplast intermembrane space Chloroplast membrane Chloroplast peripheral reticulum Chloroplast starch granule Chloroplastida Chloroplastidan Chromalveolata Chromatiaceae Chromatophore Chromatophore (bacteria)Chromera velia Chromerid Chromist Chromoplast Chromoplasts Chromosome Chrysolaminarin Ciliate Cilium Circular chromosome Cis–trans isomerism Citrus taxonomy Cleavable transit peptide Clonally transmissible cancer Co-existence of genetically modified and conventional crops and derived food and feed Coacervate Colicin Collenchyma Column (botany)Concentration gradient Concentric Concerted evolution Conserved sequence Cork cambium Correct name Cosmid Crassulacean acid metabolism Cryptomonad Cryptomonads Cryptosporidium Cultigen Cultivar Cultivar group Cultivated plant taxonomy Cushion plant Cyanidioschyzon merolæ Cyanidium Cyanobacteria Cyanobacterial Cyanobacterium Cyanophora paradoxa Cyclic electron flow Cyclic photophosphorylation Cysteine Cytochrome Cytochromes Cytoplasm Cytoplasmic streaming Cytoskeleton Cytosol D-loop DNA DNA damage (naturally occurring)DNA mismatch repair DNA repair DNA replication DNA sequencing DNA transposon DNA virus Dag Klaveness (limnologist)Dalton (unit)Daniel Jones (phonetician)Dark reactions Daughter cell De novo synthesis Deamination Deciduous tree Defective interfering particle Delesseria sanguinea Dendrology Desmidiales Diadinoxanthin Diaphoretickes Diatom Diatoms Diffuse Dinoflagellate Dinoflagellates Dinophysis Dinophysis acuminata Dinophyta Dinophyte Dinoxanthin Direct repeat Disaccharide Disease resistance Dividing chloroplasts Double-stranded RNA viruses Double fertilization DsDNA-RT virus Durinskia Dynamin Earliest known life forms Eduard Strasburger Elaioplast Electron microscopy Electron transport chain Electron transport chains Electrons Embryo Embryophyte Endogenous retrovirus Endogenous viral element Endomembrane system Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum lumen Endosome Endosperm Endosymbiont Endosymbiosis Endosymbiotic Endosymbiotic event Endosymbiotic gene transfer Enzyme specificity Enzyme substrate (biology)Epicuticular wax Epidermis (botany)Ethnobotany Etioplast Etioplasts Euglena Euglenid Euglenophyceae Euglenophyta Euglenophyte Eukaryote Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Ribosome (80S)Evolutionary history of plants Exaptations Exosome (vesicle)Extracellular matrix Extracellular space Extrachromosomal DNA Eyespot apparatus Fatty acid Fatty acid synthesis Fern Ferredoxin—NADP+ reductase Fertility factor (bacteria)Filopodium Flagellated Flagellum Flora Floral diagram Floral formula Floral symmetry Floriculture Floridean starch Flower Flowering plant Flowers Forestry Fosmid Free phosphate Fructose Fruit Fruit anatomy FtsZ1 FtsZ2 Fucoxanthin Fungal prion Fungus Gamete Gametophyte Gas exchange Gene Gene duplication Gene expression Genera Genetically modified crops Genome Genome reduction Genomic island Geobotanical prospecting Gephyrocapsa oceanica Germination Gerontoplast Giant virus Gibberellin Glaucophyta Glaucophyte Glaucophyte algae Glaucophyte algal Glaucophytes Gloeomargarita lithophora Glossary of botanical terms Glossary of plant morphology Glucose Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glycolysis Glyoxysome Golden algae Golgi apparatus Gram-negative bacteria Gram negative Granule (cell biology)Granum Greek language Green Green alga Green algae Green algal Green algal derived chloroplast Grex (horticulture)Ground tissue Group II intron Group I catalytic intron Guard cells Gymnosperm Gymnosperms Gynoecium Habit (biology)Haematococcus pluvialis Haptophyta Haptophyte Haptophytes HeLa Helicoid Helicosporidium Helicosproidia Helix Helper dependent virus Helper virus Heme Herbaceous plant Herbarium Heterokontophyte Heterotroph Histone History of botany History of plant systematics Homologous recombination Homology (biology)Horizontal gene transfer Hornworts Horticulture Hugo von Mohl Hybrid (biology)Hydrodictyon Hydrogen atoms Hydrogen ions Hydrogenosome Hydron (chemistry)Hydronium Hypanthium Hypersensitive response Hypoxanthine Icosahedral Immune cells Immune response Incertae sedis Inclusion (cell)Inflorescence Inner chloroplast membrane Intermediate filament International Association for Plant Taxonomy International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants Interspersed repeat Introns Inverted repeat Ions Iron-sulfur clusters Isopentenyl pyrophosphate Jasmonate Jasmonic acid Jeewanu Kappa organism Karenia (dinoflagellate)Karenia brevis Karlodinium Kleptoplast Kleptoplasty Konstantin Mereschkowski Kryptoperidinium Lamellipodium Land plants Last universal common ancestor Laurencia Leaf Leaf veins Leaves Lepidodinium Leucoplast Liana Life Light-harvesting complexes Light energy Light micrograph Light microscope Light reactions Linear chromosome Linoleic acid Lipid Lipid bilayer Lipid monolayer Lipid synthesis List of botanists List of botanists by author abbreviation (W–Z)List of individual trees List of oldest trees List of sequenced plastomes List of superlative trees List of systems of plant taxonomy List of tallest trees Lists of plants Locule Lucas Andrew Staehelin Lycophyte Lysosome MRNAs Magnetosome Malaria Megaspore Melanosome Membrane-bound organelle Meristem Meristematic Merriam-Webster Mesophyll cell Mesophyll tissue Metabolism Methionine Micrasterias Microbody Microfilament Microsporangia Microspore Microtubule Microtubule organizing center Millimeter MinD MinE Min system Mitochondria Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial genome Mitochondrion Mitosis Mitosome Mixotroph Mixotrophic Mobile genetic elements Mobilome Model lipid bilayer Monomers Monophyly Moss Myofibril Myzozoa N-terminus NADP+NADPH Nadh dehydrogenase Nanobacterium Nanobe Nanometers Nanometre Nectar Nicotiana tabacum Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Nitric oxide Nitrite Nitrogen Nitrogenous base Nitroplast Non-cellular life Non-coding DNA Non-mevalonate pathway Non-vascular plant Nuclear genome Nucleic acid Nucleoid Nucleolus Nucleomorph Nucleotide Nut (fruit)Ochrophyta Ochrophyte Oedogonium Olive green Online Etymology Dictionary Operons Orange (colour)Order (biology)Organelle Organism Origin of replication Outline of botany Ovary (botany)Ovule Oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative stress Oxygen PH Paleobotany Palisade mesophyll Paper chromatography Parakaryon Paramylon Paraphyletic Parasite Parenchyma Parenthesome Pathogen Paulinella Pedicel (botany)Pedinophyceae Peptidoglycan Peptidoglycan cell wall Peptidoglycan wall Perianth Peridinin Periplastid space Peroxisome Peroxisomes Petal Petiole (botany)Peyssonnelia squamaria Phagemid Phagocytic vacuole Phagosomal Phagosomal vacuole Phagosome Phloem Phosphate group Phosphorylate Phosphorylates Photolyzes Photooxidative damage Photophosphorylation Photoreceptor protein Photorespiration Photosynthesis Photosynthetic Photosynthetic pigment Photosynthetic pigments Photosystem I Photosystem II Photosystems Phototropins Phototropism Phragmoplast Phycobilin Phycobilins Phycobilisome Phycoerytherin Phycoerythrin Phycology Phylogenetics Phylum Physcomitrella patens Phytochemical Phytochemistry Phytogeography Phytol Phytomelanin Pigment Pine tree Plant Plant anatomy Plant cell Plant cells Plant cuticle Plant ecology Plant evolution Plant evolutionary developmental biology Plant hormone Plant innate immunity Plant intelligence Plant morphology Plant nutrition Plant pathology Plant physiology Plant reproduction Plant reproductive morphology Plant stem Plant taxonomy Plasmid Plasmodesma Plasmodium Plastid Plastid-dividing rings Plastid evolution Plastid transformation Plastids Plastoglobuli Plastoquinone Pollen Pollen tube Pollination Pollinator Polypeptide Polypeptides Pospiviroidae Potassium Potato Potential energy Prasinophyte Precursor (chemistry)Prion Prochlorococcus Programmed cell death Prokaryote Prokaryotes Prokaryotic Prokaryotic cytoskeleton Prokaryotic initiation factor-1 Prolamellar body Promoter (genetics)Prophage Proplastid Proplastids Prostrate shrub Proteasome Protein Protein complexes Protein folding Protein routing Protein synthesis Protein targeting system Proteinoid Proteinoplast Protist Protists Protocell Proton pumps Prototheca Provirus Pseudoblepharisma tenue Pseudogenes Pseudopodium Purine Purple sulfur bacteria Pyrena Pyrenoid Pyrimidine Pyruvate R-factor RNA RNA-dependent RNA polymerase RNA polymerase RNA virus RNA world Raceme Radial spoke Radiant energy Reactive oxygen species RecA Receptacle (botany)Red Red alga Red algae Red algal Red algal derived chloroplast Red tide Redox reaction Reduction reaction Repeated sequence (DNA)Replication origin regions Replicon (genetics)Respiratory system Retrograde signaling Retrograde signaling (cell biology)Retrotransposon Retrovirus Retrozyme Rhizaria Rhizoid Rhizome Rhodophyceae Rhodophyte Rhodoplast Ribosomal RNA Ribosomal protein Ribosomal proteins Ribosome Ribozyme Ribulose bisphosphate Root Root tip meristems Rosette (botany)Rosulabryum capillare Rough endoplasmic reticulum RuBP RuBisCO S-phase Salicylic acid Sap Satellite (biology)Scanning electron micrograph Scanning electron microscope Scenedesmus Secondary chromosome Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiotic events Secondary growth Secondary metabolite Secretory pathway Seed Seed dispersal Selection bias Self-pollination Self-replication Sepal Serial endosymbiosis Sessility (botany)Shine-Dalgarno sequence Shoot (botany)Shoot apical meristems Shoot meristematic Shrub Sirogonium Small RNA Space-filling model Sperm cells Spermatophyte Spinach Spindle pole body Spirogyra Spliceosome Sporangium Spore Sporophyll Sporophyte Stamen Staminode Starch Starch granules Sterols Stigeoclonium Stigma (botany)Stoma Stomata Storage organ Stramenopile Streptophyta Stroma (fluid)Stromule Style (botany)Subshrub Subviral agents Succulent plant Sucrose Sugar Sugars Sulfur-containing amino acids Sulphobes Surface area Surface area to volume ratio Symbiogenesis Synechococcus Synthetic virology Systemic acquired resistance TIC complex TIC translocon TOC complex TRNA TRNAs Tandem repeat Tannosome Tapetum (botany)Taxonomic rank Taxonomy (biology)Tepal Tertiary endosymbiotic events Thiodictyon Thorns, spines, and prickles Thylakoid Ti plasmid Timeline of plant evolution Tissue (biology)Topologically Transcription (genetics)Transgene Translation (biology)Translocon Transmission electron micrograph Transmission electron microscope Transpiration Transport vesicles Transposable element Transpoviron Tree Trichome Trophosome Turgor pressure Umbel Undulipodium Vacuole Vallisneria gigantea Vascular bundle Vascular plant Vascular tissue Vault (organelle)Vein (botany)Vesicle (biology and chemistry)Vestigial Vine Viral vector Viridiplantae Viroid Virome Virophage Virulence factor Virus Virusoid Vitamin E Vitrella brassicaformis Volvox Water Weibel–Palade body Wheat Whorl (botany)Wood Woody plant Xanthophyll Xanthophylls Yellow Yellow-green algae Zeaxanthin Zygnema Zygote Β-carotene

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