Histone

Definition

In biology, histones are highly-basic proteins abundant in lysine and arginine residues that are found in eukaryotic cell nuclei and in most Archaeal phyla. They act as spools around which DNA winds to create structural units called nucleosomes. Nucleosomes in turn are wrapped into 30-nanometer fibers that form tightly packed chromatin. Histones prevent DNA from becoming tangled and protect it from DNA damage. In addition, histones play important roles in gene regulation and DNA replication. Without histones, unwound DNA in chromosomes would be very long. For example, each human cell has about 1.8 meters of DNA if completely stretched out; however, when wound about histones, this length is reduced to about 9 micrometers (0.009 mm) of 30 nm diameter chromatin fibers.

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3' end ADP-ribosylation Acentric fragment Acetyl Acetylation Acrocentric Addiction Albrecht Kossel Alcoholism Alfred Mirsky Alpha helix Alternative splicing Amide Amino acid Amygdala Aneuploidy Archaea Arginine Aurora B Autosome B chromosome Bacteria Base (chemistry)Base pairs Biology C-fos CAF-1 CCR2 CENPA CENPC1 CENPC2 CENPF CENPH CENPI CENPJ CENPK CENPM CENPN CENPO CENPP CENPQ CENPT COMPASS complex Canonical Cell (biology)Cell cycle Cell nuclei Cell nucleus Centromere Centromere protein B Centromere protein E Centromeric Chaperones (biology)Chromatid Chromatin Chromatin assembly factor 1 Chromatin remodeling Chromosomal inversion Chromosomal translocation Chromosome Chromosome abnormality Cigarette Circular bacterial chromosome Citrullination Conserved sequence Covalent Cytogenetics Cytoplasm DNA DNA damage DNA double strand breaks DNA mismatch repair DNA repair DNA replication Deoxyribose Dicentric chromosome Dinoflagellate Dinokaryon Double-strand breaks Double strand breaks Electrostatic Emil L. Smith Epigenetic inheritance Euchromatin Eukaryote Eukaryotic Evolution Extrachromosomal DNA FosB Gene Gene regulation Gene silencing Genetics Genome Genome instability H1-0 H1-1 H1-10 H1-2 H1-3 H1-4 H1-5 H1-6 H1-7 H1-8 H2A.Z H2AB1 H2AB2 H2AB3 H2ABP4 H2AC1 H2AC11 H2AC12 H2AC13 H2AC14 H2AC15 H2AC16 H2AC17 H2AC18 H2AC20 H2AC21 H2AC25 H2AC4 H2AC6 H2AC7 H2AC8 H2AJ H2AX H2AZ1 H2AZ2 H2BC1 H2BC10 H2BC11 H2BC12 H2BC12L H2BC13 H2BC14 H2BC15 H2BC17 H2BC18 H2BC21 H2BC26 H2BC3 H2BC4 H2BC5 H2BC6 H2BC7 H2BC8 H2BC9 H2BE1 H2BFXP H2BW1 H2BW2 H3-3A H3-3B H3-4 H3-7 H3C1 H3C10 H3C11 H3C12 H3C14 H3C15 H3C2 H3C3 H3C4 H3C6 H3C7 H3C8 H3F3AP5 H3F3AP6 H3F3C H3K27ac H3K27me3 H3K36me3 H3K4me1 H3K4me3 H3K79me2 H3K9ac H3K9me2 H3K9me3 H4C1 H4C11 H4C12 H4C13 H4C14 H4C16 H4C2 H4C3 H4C4 H4C5 H4C6 H4C7 H4C8 H4C9 H4K20me HILS1 HIRA HIST1H1PS1 HIST1H2APS1 HIST1H2APS2 HIST1H2APS3 HIST1H2APS4 HIST1H2APS5 HIST1H2BPS1 HIST1H2BPS2 HIST1H3PS1 HIST1H4PS1 HIST2H2AA4 HIST2H2BC HIST2H2BD HIST2H3D HIST2H4B HIST3H2BA HYPM Hallucination (artificial intelligence)Helix turn helix Heterochromatin Heterochromatin protein 1 Histone-modifying enzymes Histone H1 Histone H2A Histone H2B Histone H3 Histone H4 Histone acetyltransferase Histone code Histone deacetylase Histone methylation Histone methyltransferase Histone variants Holocentric chromosome Homologous chromosome Hydrogen bonds International System for Human Cytogenomic Nomenclature Interphase Intron Isochromosome Isoform James F. Bonner Karyotype Lampbrush chromosome Linear chromosome List of organisms by chromosome count List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes Lysine MACROH2A1 MACROH2A2 Macromolecule Mark Ptashne Meiosis Metazoan Methamphetamine Methyl Methylation Michael Grunstein Microchromosome Mitosis Monocentric Mutations N-terminal Nanometer National Center for Biotechnology Information Nicotine Nuclear organization Nucleosome Nucleus (biology)Nucleus accumbens PRMT4 pathway Paleopolyploidy Paul Ts'o Phosphate Phosphorylation Phylum Plasmid Ploidy Point groups in three dimensions PolyA tail Polycentric chromosome Polycomb Polyploidization Polyploidy Polytene chromosome Posttranslational modification Promoter (genetics)Protamine Protamines Protein Protein-arginine deiminase Protein Data Bank Protein dimer Pseudogene R-loop RNA-induced transcriptional silencing RNA polymerase II RPS15 RPS6 Rna polymerase ii Roger D. Kornberg Ru Chih C Huang S-phase SLBP SUMO protein SUMOylation Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular)Satellite chromosome Schizosaccharomyces pombe Serotonin Sex-determination system Sex chromosome Small supernumerary marker chromosome Solenoid (DNA)Spermatogenesis Submetacentric Symmetry TATA box TINF2 Telocentric Telomere Telomere-binding protein Tertiary structure Tetrameric protein The Proteolysis Map Transcription (biology)Transcription (genetics)Transcription factor Transcription factor II D Tumorigenesis Ubiquitin Ubiquitination Ultraviolet radiation Whi5

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