Logic

Definition

Logic is the study of correct reasoning. It includes both formal and informal logic. Formal logic is the study of deductively valid inferences or logical truths. It examines how conclusions follow from premises based on the structure of arguments alone, independent of their topic and content. Informal logic is associated with informal fallacies, critical thinking, and argumentation theory. Informal logic examines arguments expressed in natural language whereas formal logic uses formal language. When used as a countable noun, the term "a logic" refers to a specific logical formal system that articulates a proof system. Logic plays a central role in many fields, such as philosophy, mathematics, computer science, and linguistics.

Related concepts

A priori and a posteriori Abductive reasoning Abhidharma Absolute idealism Abstract object Academic Skepticism Achintya Bheda Abheda Action theory (philosophy)Adriane Rini Advaita Vedanta Aesthetic emotions Aesthetics African philosophy Africana philosophy Agriculturalism Ajñana Albertus Magnus Alfred North Whitehead Alfred Tarski Algorithm American philosophy Ampliative Analytic philosophy Analytical Marxism Analytical feminism Analytic–synthetic distinction Anarchism Ancient Egyptian philosophy Ancient Greek philosophy Ancient Roman philosophy Ancient history Ancient philosophy Anekantavada Antecedent (logic)Anti-realism Antihumanism Antinomy Applied ethics Applied philosophy Argument Argumentation theory Aristotelian logic Aristotelianism Aristotle Atomic propositions Atomism Augustinianism Australian philosophy Automatic theorem prover Averroes Averroism Avicenna Avicennism Axiom Axiom of Choice Aztec philosophy Barbara H. Partee Barbara Partee Bayesian epistemology Begriffsschrift Behaviorism Belief Bertrand Russell Bhedabheda Bishop (chess)Boethius Boolean algebra Boolean logic Bradley Dowden British idealism British philosophy Buddhism Buddhist philosophy Byzantine philosophy Cantor's theorem Cartesianism Categorical propositions Chan Buddhism Characteristica universalis Charles Peirce Charvaka Chess Chinese philosophy Christian philosophy Church Fathers Classical Realism Classical liberalism Classical logic Claude Shannon Coherentism Collectivism and individualism Communitarianism Compatibilism Completeness (logic)Computability theory Computational logic Computer science Concept Conceptualism Confucianism Conjunction (logic)Conjunction introduction Consequent Consequentialism Conservatism Consistency Constructivism (philosophy of mathematics)Contemporary philosophy Context (language use)Continental philosophy Continuum hypothesis Contradiction Contrapositive (logic)Conventionalism Converse (logic)Copula (linguistics)Countable noun Critical rationalism Critical theory Critical thinking Cynicism (philosophy)Cyrenaics Czech philosophy Danish philosophy Decidability (logic)Deconstruction Deductive closure Deductive reasoning Defeasible reasoning Definition Denotation Denying the antecedent Deontic logic Deontology Description Determinism Deviant logic Dialetheism Dialogue Dichotomy Dirk van Dalen Discourse Dispositio Double negation elimination Douglas N. Walton Dutch philosophy Dvaita Vedanta Early modern philosophy Eastern philosophy Edo neo-Confucianism Edward Craig (philosopher)Eleatics Eliminative materialism Emergentism Empirical Empiricism Epicureanism Epiphenomenalism Epistemic modal logic Epistemological particularism Epistemology Eretrian school Ethics Ethiopian philosophy Event (philosophy)Existential quantification Existentialism Experimental philosophy Explanation Expression (mathematics)Expressive power (computer science)Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Fallacies Fallacy Fallacy of begging the question False dilemma Falsifiability Feminist philosophy Fideism First-order logic Formal fallacy Formal language Formal proof Formal semantics (natural language)Formal system Formalism (art)Foundationalism Foundations of mathematics Frankfurt School Free will French philosophy Function (mathematics)Functionalism (philosophy of mind)Fundamental sciences Fuzzy logics Georg Cantor Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel George Boole German idealism German philosophy Glossary of logic Gongsun Long Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottlob Frege Graham Priest Gödel's incompleteness theorem Hard determinism Hard incompatibilism Hegelianism Hellenistic philosophy Herbert Enderton Hermeneutics Higher-order logic Hilary Putnam Hilbert's program Hindu philosophy Historicism History of logic History of philosophy History of philosophy in Finland History of philosophy in Poland Holism Huayan Humanism Hypothetical syllogism Idealism Illuminationism Imperative logic Incompatibilism Index of logic articles Indian philosophy Indigenous American philosophy Individualism Indonesian philosophy Inductive reasoning Inference Informal fallacies Informal fallacy Informal logic Institutional theory of art Internalism and externalism Interpretation (logic)Intuitionistic logic Inverse (logic)Ionian School (philosophy)Iranian philosophy Irving Copi Islamic philosophy Italian idealism Italian philosophy J. Anthony Blair J. L. Mackie Jaakko Hintikka Jain philosophy Jainism Jan Łukasiewicz Jana S. Rošker Japanese philosophy Jewish philosophy Joan Bagaria Joan Moschovakis John P. Burgess John Rawls John Stuart Mill Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)Kalam Kantianism Katalin Bimbó King (chess)Knowledge Kokugaku Korean Confucianism Korean philosophy Krausism Kurt Gödel Kyoto School L.T.F. Gamut Language Large cardinal Law of excluded middle Laws of thought Legal positivism Legalism (Chinese philosophy)Leila Haaparanta Leo Groarke Libertarianism (metaphysics)Linguistic entailment Linguistics List of Boolean algebra topics List of Slovene philosophers List of Turkish philosophers List of fallacies List of logic journals List of logic symbols List of logicians List of mathematical logic topics List of paradoxes List of rules of inference List of set theory topics Logic (disambiguation)Logic (rapper)Logic gates Logic in Islamic philosophy Logic in computer science Logic of relatives Logic programming Logic puzzle Logic translation Logical conjunction Logical connective Logical connectives Logical consequence Logical disjunction Logical form Logical necessity Logical positivism Logical reasoning Logical truth Logically (company)Logician (disambiguation)Logicism Logos Ludwig Wittgenstein Madhyamaka Map (mathematics)Maria Aloni Martha Kneale Marxist philosophy Material conditional Materialism Mathematical logic Mathematics Mazdakism Medieval philosophy Megarian school Meta-ethics Metalogic Metamathematics Metaphilosophy Metaphysical naturalism Metaphysics Method of reasoning Middle Ages Middle Eastern philosophy Middle Platonism Mill's Methods Mind Mind–body dualism Mithraism Modal logic Model theory Modern philosophy Modernism Modus ponens Mohism Monism Moral absolutism Moral nihilism Moral particularism Moral realism Moral skepticism Moral universalism Multi-valued logics Mīmāṃsā Name Natural deduction Natural language Natural law Naturalism (philosophy)Naturalized epistemology Navya-Nyāya Necessity and sufficiency Negation Neo-Confucianism Neo-Kantianism Neo-Marxism Neo-scholasticism Neoplatonism Neopythagoreanism New Confucianism New historicism Newtonianism Nihilism Nimbarka Sampradaya Nominalism Non-classical logic Non-monotonic logic Norm (philosophy)Normative ethics Nyaya Objective idealism Objectivism Objectivity (philosophy)Obligation Occamism Ontological Ontology Ordinary language philosophy Organon Outline of logic Outline of philosophy Pakistani philosophy Paraconsistent logic Paradox Penelope Maddy Peripatetic school Permission (philosophy)Phenomenology (philosophy)Philosophical logic Philosophical methodology Philosophical pessimism Philosophical realism Philosophical skepticism Philosophy Philosophy in Canada Philosophy in Malta Philosophy in Taiwan Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard Philosophy of education Philosophy of information Philosophy of language Philosophy of logic Philosophy of mathematics Philosophy of mind Philosophy of religion Philosophy of science Physicalism Platonic Academy Political philosophy Positivism Possible world Post-structuralism Postanalytic philosophy Postcritique Posthumanism Postmodern philosophy Practical philosophy Pragmatism Pramāṇa Pre-Socratic philosophy Predicable Predicate (grammar)Predicate (mathematical logic)Premise Principia Mathematica Principle of bivalence Principle of compositionality Principle of distributivity Principle of explosion Prior Analytics Probability Process philosophy Prolog Proof system Proof theory Property (philosophy)Proposition Propositional calculus Propositional logic Psychologism Psychology Pudgalavada Pyrrhonism Pythagoreanism Quantifier (logic)Quantum logic Quantum mechanics Quietism (philosophy)Rationalism Rationality Real number Reality Reason Reductionism Reference Reformed epistemology Relations (philosophy)Relativism Renaissance humanism Renaissance philosophy Richard Montague Robert Audi Romanian philosophy Rule of inference Russell's paradox Russian cosmism Russian philosophy Samkhya Sarvastivada Sautrāntika Scholasticism School of Names School of Naturalists School of the Sextii Scientific method Scientific realism Scientific skepticism Scientism Scotism Scottish philosophy Second Sophistic Semantics Semantics of logic Sense and reference Sentence (linguistics)Sequent calculus Set theory Sheffer stroke Shuddhadvaita Simon Blackburn Singular term Social constructionism Social contract Social philosophy Socialism Solipsism Sophist Soundness Soundness (logic)Spanish philosophy Speech act Spinozism Square of opposition Statement (logic)Stephen Cole Kleene Stoic logic Stoicism Structuralism Subject (grammar)Subjective idealism Subjective probability Subjectivism Substitution (logic)Sufi philosophy Sum of Logic Susan Haack Susanne Bobzien Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction Syllogism Syntax Syntax (logic)Systemics Syādvāda Taoism Tautology (logic)Ted Honderich Temporal logic Terezinha Nunes Term logic Terminology Ternary logic Theodore Sider Theoretical philosophy Theories of reference Thomism Tiantai Tibetan Buddhism Transactionalism Transcendental idealism Transcendentalism Transistor Truth Truth-bearer Truth condition Truth function Truth table Truth value Turing machines Ubuntu philosophy Utilitarianism Vaisheshika Validity (logic)Value theory Vector logic Vedanta Vienna Circle Vietnamese philosophy Virtue ethics Vishishtadvaita Well-formed formula Western Marxism Western philosophy White horse paradox Willard Van Orman Quine William Kneale William of Ockham Xuanxue Yangism Yoga Sutras of Patanjali Yogachara Yugoslav philosophy Zen Zoroastrianism Zurvanism Ājīvika Śūnyatā

92 concepts already in your glossary