Proposition

Definition

Propositions are the meanings of declarative sentences, objects of beliefs, and bearers of truth values. They explain how different sentences, such as the English "Snow is white" and the German "Schnee ist weiß", can have identical meaning by expressing the same proposition. Similarly, they ground the fact that different people can share a belief by being directed at the same content. True propositions describe the world as it is, while false ones fail to do so. Researchers distinguish types of propositions by their informational content and mode of assertion, such as the contrasts between affirmative and negative propositions, between universal and existential propositions, and between categorical and conditional propositions.

Related concepts

A. J. Ayer A priori and a posteriori Abductive reasoning Abstract objects Al-Farabi Alciphron (book)Alethic modality Alternative semantics Ambiguity An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language Analytic and synthetic Analytic philosophy Analytic–synthetic distinction Anaphora (linguistics)Ancient Greek philosophy Ancient India Ancient philosophy Angle brackets Antecedent-contained deletion Antecedent (logic)Anti-realism Antinomy Antoine Arnauld Argumentation theory Arguments Aristotle Audience Automated reasoning Autonomy of syntax Averroes Avicenna Beliefs Benjamin Lee Whorf Berlin Wall Bernard Bolzano Bertrand Russell Binding (linguistics)Cant (language)Cataphora Categorial grammar Categorical proposition Categorization Causal theory of reference Chinese philosophy Chomsky hierarchy Chrysippus Class (philosophy)Class (set theory)Classical logic Claude Lancelot Coercion (linguistics)Cognitive science Cognitive semantics Cognitivism (ethics)Combinatory categorial grammar Computational semantics Computer scientists Concept Concepts Conditional sentence Confucius Consciousness Consequent Conservativity Context set Continuation Contradiction Contradictory Contrastivism Conventionalism Conversational scoreboard Correspondence theory of truth Counterfactuals Cratylism Cratylus Cratylus (dialogue)Critical thinking Crossover effects Cumulativity (linguistics)Curry paradox David Lewis (philosopher)De Arte Combinatoria De dicto and de re De se Deconstruction Deductive closure Deductive reasoning Deductive validity Definite description Definite descriptions Definiteness Definition Denotation Deontic logic Deontic modality Description Descriptivist theory of names Desire Desires Determinism Dichotomy Diodorus Cronus Direct reference theory Discourse relation Discourse representation theory Disjunction Disjunctive syllogism Distributional semantics Donald Davidson (philosopher)Donkey anaphora Double negation Downward entailing Doxastic logic Dramatism Dynamic semantics Early modern philosophy Edward Sapir Empirical Empty name English language Epistemic modality Epistemology Eubulides Evidence Evidentiality Exclusive or Exhaustivity Existential closure Existential quantification Expressivism Extension (semantics)Extensional context Facts Fact–value distinction Fallacies False (logic)False statement Family resemblance Faultless disagreement Fears Ferdinand de Saussure First-order logic Focus (linguistics)Formal grammar Formal proof Formal semantics (linguistics)Formal semantics (natural language)Formal systems Franz Boas Franz Brentano Free choice inference Frege's puzzles Fritz Mauthner Function (mathematics)Function application Future contingents G. E. M. Anscombe G. E. Moore Generalized quantifier Generative grammar George Berkeley German language Gilbert Ryle Givenness Glue semantics Gorgias Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottlob Frege Grammar Hans-Georg Gadamer Hellenistic philosophy Henri Bergson Hilary Putnam History of logic Homogeneity (linguistics)Hopes Hurford disjunction Ibn Khaldun Immanuel Kant Imperative mood Inalienable possession Index of logic articles Index of philosophy of language articles Indexicality Inductive reasoning Inference Inferences Inferentialism Infinite regress Informal logic Information Inquisitive semantics Intension Intensional logic Intention Intentionality Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Interpretation (logic)Interrogative Intersective modifier Islamic philosophy J. L. Austin Jaakko Hintikka Jacques Derrida Johann Gottfried Herder John Locke John Searle (American philosopher)John Wilkins Judgment Knowledge Knowledge by acquaintance Knowledge representation Lambda calculus Language Language, Truth, and Logic Language of thought hypothesis Latin language Leonard Bloomfield Lev Vygotsky Lexical semantics Liar paradox Limited Inc Linguistic Linguistic determinism Linguistic entailment Linguistic relativity Linguistics Linguistics wars List of Boolean algebra topics List of fallacies List of logic symbols List of logicians List of mathematical logic topics List of paradoxes List of philosophers of language List of rules of inference List of set theory topics Logic Logic in computer science Logic translation Logical conjunction Logical consequence Logical form Logical form (linguistics)Logical operator Logical positivism Logical truth Logophoricity Long-term memory Ludwig Wittgenstein Material conditional Mathematical logic Mathematical objects Meaning (philosophy)Meaning postulate Mediated reference theory Medieval philosophy Mental representation Mental state Mereology Metalanguage Metalogic Metamathematics Metaphysics Michael Dummett Middle English Mind Mirativity Modal logic Modal subordination Modality (semantics)Modus ponens Modus tollens Mohism Monad (functional programming)Montague grammar Morality Name Naming and Necessity Natural language Naturalism (philosophy)Necessity and sufficiency Negation Neuroscience Noam Chomsky Nominalism Non-classical logic Non-cognitivism Nonexistent objects Normativity Nyaya Of Grammatology Old French On Denoting Ontological Opaque context Outline of logic P. F. Strawson Paradox Paradoxes Paraphrases Particular Past participle Paul Grice Paul Ricœur Paul Tillich Paul Watzlawick Pegasus Perception Performative utterance Phallogocentrism Philosophical Investigations Philosophical logic Philosophical realism Philosophy of information Philosophy of language Philosophy of logic Philosophy of mind Plato Platonist Plural quantification Polarity item Port-Royal Grammar Possible world Possible worlds Possible worlds semantics Practical knowledge Pragmatics Predicate (logic)Premise Preposition Presupposition Principle of bivalence Principle of compositionality Privative adjective Probabilistic proposition Probability Property (philosophy)Proposition (disambiguation)Propositional attitude Propositional attitudes Propositional knowledge Propositional logic Psychological Psychology Qualia Quantificational variability effect Quantifier (logic)Quantifier raising Quantization (linguistics)Question under discussion Reason Reasoning Reductionism Reference Relation (philosophy)Relevance theory René Descartes Responsive predicate Rhetoric Rising declarative Robert Stalnaker Rudolf Carnap Rules of inference Russell-Myhill paradox Saul Kripke Scalar implicature Scholasticism School of Names Scientific law Scope (formal semantics)Segmented discourse representation theory Self-referential Semantic Semantic externalism Semantic holism Semantic parsing Semantics Semantics (logic)Semantics of logic Semiotics Sense and reference Sensory experience Sentence (linguistics)Set (mathematics)Set theory Sign (semiotics)Singular propositions Singular term Situation semantics Sloppy identity Speech act Squiggle operator Statement (logic)States of affairs Stoicism Stoics Strawson entailment Strict conditional Structuralism Subsective modifier Substitution (logic)Subtrigging Supervaluationism Supposition theory Symbiosism Symbol Syntax (logic)Syntax–semantics interface Telicity Temperature paradox Temporal logic Tense–aspect–mood Theological noncognitivism Theory of categories Theory of descriptions Theory of language Thomas Hobbes Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus Translations Truth Truth-bearer Truth-conditional semantics Truth conditions Truth tables Truth value Truthmaker theory Two-dimensional semantics Two Dogmas of Empiricism Type shifter Type theory Type theory with records Type–token distinction Unconscious mind Universal (metaphysics)Universal grinder Universal quantification Use–mention distinction Vagueness Validity (logic)Venus (planet)Verb Veridicality Verification principle Verificationism Wilhelm von Humboldt Willard Van Orman Quine William of Ockham Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language Words Wycliffe's Bible Xunzi (philosopher)Zhuang Zhou

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